PPIAF’s Sub-National Technical Assistance Program (SNTA) and its World Bank Group partners—the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)—have been working with the Brazilian municipalities of Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro to bring energy-efficient investment to public street-lighting systems. The program, which includes early-stage feasibility analysis and technical assistance, has prompted Belo Horizonte ...

In 2012, PPIAF partnered with the World Bank to engage with the Government of Belize to help them improve and maintain municipal service delivery in selected towns through the Municipal Development Project. PPIAF’s technical assistance support helped to initiate the development of the Revenue Enhancement Support Program, to assist the municipalities in enhancing the capacity of municipal finance management and improving creditworthiness. This initiative has made significant contribut...

This report provides a general overview of the projects that received financing from institutional investors and the share of institutional-investor contributions in the total investment garnered during the period of study. The report finds this share to be extremely low and as such the risks and barriers to institutional investment in infrastructure are also highlighted.  The report also provides details about the institutional investors who provided financin...

Every financial system has faced or will face a crisis at some point. But even in the absence of a crisis, the extraordinary growth in credit over the last two decades has resulted in an increase of non-performing loans (NPLs), which are an unavoidable by-product of lending. This can put economies at risk. When not addressed, distressed assets can grow to reach critical thresholds that can slow down, or even prevent, economic recovery and increase unemployment, creating a vicious circle th...

In 2007, PPIAF approved a grant to assist in establishing the institutional and regulatory framework for the transport sector in Senegal. Technical assistance support was also given to the National Agency for the Promotion of Investments (APIX) to consolidate the institutional framework and develop contractual arrangements for the Dakar–Diamniadio Toll Highway project.

This note summarizes the results of a multi-jurisdictional survey carried out in 2021 by the World Bank to better understand what action governments were taking to address the challenges on their PPP projects and programs. This work was undertaken as part of the World Bank COVID-19 PPP Rapid Response Program, which mobilized resources to enable client countries to diagnose risks and find the best available solutions to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on PPP projects. Sele...

A growing number of governments are interested in partnering with the private sector to provide public infrastructure assets and services. The PPP Reference Guide aims to assist them. The Guide tackles the following questions:   What are public-private partnerships (PPPs), why and when to use them. What kind of policy, legal, and institutional framework is needed to ensure PPPs achieve their objectives efficiently and effectively. What...

This report provides an overview of PPIAF’s activities and accomplishments, which are contributing to helping our clients achieve their goals, as well as the global goal of sustainable development embodied throughout the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The Toolkit is a reference guide for public authorities in developing countries for the development of PPP (public-private partnership) programs in the highways sector, particularly in assisting in PPP policy development, project preparation and the sourcing and monitoring of external expertise. It provides guidance in the definition of strategy and policy for PPP, the characteristics of PPP projects and the stages for their preparation. Module 4, "Laws & Contracts"...

When it comes to infrastructure projects, “unsolicited proposals” (USPs) represent an alternative to the traditional project initiation method where the private sector, rather than the government, takes the leading role in identifying and developing a project. In practice, many public authorities across the world resort to USPs motivated by the perspective of solving the challenges brought by their lack of capacity to identify and develop projects. However, many projects that o...

The time for action to build a better future and green recovery has never been stronger as we navigate the uncertainty of a world attempting to manage its way out of a triple crisis: debt sustainability, climate change, and pandemic. The fiscal constraints of governments across the globe open the door to new opportunities and challenges to crowd in private sector solutions, innovation, and finance to create new solutions and pathways to meet Paris Agreement goals on climate change. Partici...

This guide reviews the necessary steps to successfully engage and manage a public-private partnership (PPP) from the early stages. It presents a framework that highlights the requirements, options, and challenges that governments face when embarking into PPPs, and explains how to address them so that a sound PPP program can be implemented and the benefits for both public and private partners can fully materialize. This book draws on experiences from both mature and deve...

One of the most important issues in designing a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) contract for infrastructure projects is the allocation of the project’s risks between the public and private parties. As we have discussed in the companion paper, the risk allocation is a means to give appropriate incentives for the private partner to perform according to the contract terms, thus achieving value for money. In what follows, we shall describe best practices in risk allocation, complementin...

The last year saw a surge of climate change impacts across the globe, ranging from rising sea levels to uncontrolled wildfires. Developing countries and emerging economies are especially vulnerable to these impacts, partly because they lack the resources and capacity to address them—especially when the COVID-19 pandemic is ravaging economies worldwide. PPIAF’s role in addressing the impacts of climate change on infrastructure development is in line with the World Bank’s g...

In July 1999 the first edition of Standardisation of PFI Contracts (”SoPC”) was published. The aim was to provide guidance on the key issues that arise in PFI projects in order to promote the achievement of commercially balanced Contracts and enable public sector procurers to meet their requirements and deliver best value for money. Second and third editions have followed in September 2002, and April 2004, together with an Addendum in December 2005. This Version 4 updates the g...

Please note this guidance was withdrawn on 23 November 2016.       

Experience with PPPs to date in the Caribbean has been mixed. PPPs are not new in the region, having been used to deliver new or improved roads, ports, airports, bulk water treatment facilities, and electricity generation plants. Many PPP projects have operated successfully for years, delivering high-quality infrastructure facilities. Others have faced challenges. In many cases, the complexity of the PPP development and implementation process has meant long delays in delivering projects; o...

Since 2000 PPIAF has been providing technical assistance to the government of Uganda to create an environment that enables private investment in infrastructure. In particular a series of three technical grants have supported the government of Uganda to develop the PPP framework at national level, identify a pipeline of PPPs and provide specifi c support to strengthen the institutions implementing one of the priority projects identifi ed in the road sector, the Kamp...

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the delivery of public services have become a phenomenon which is spreading the globe and generating great interest. But why is a concept, barely mentioned a decade ago, now attracting such interest? Overall, the answer is that PPPs avoid the often negative effects of either exclusive public ownership and delivery of services, on the one hand, or outright privatization, on the other. In contrast, PPPs combine the best of both worlds...

Non-revenue water (NRW) management can deliver significant financial and economic benefits, and to a large extent, NRW programs can be self-financing—rapid revenue gains from commercial loss reduction, for example, can supply the OPEX and CAPEX funds needed to reduce the NRW. But these benefits often remain unrealized, because water service providers face many political, financial and technical hurdles. NRW PBCs (performance-based contracts) provide an opportunity to invite...

The PPPIRC provides sample legal materials that assist in the planning, design and legal structuring of infrastructure projects- especially in public-private partnerships (PPP). References in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese.

Since 1999 the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) has supported the Nigerian government in facilitating private sector infrastructure investments in the port, water, and energy sectors. PPIAF commissioned an independent impact assessment in February 2016 to review past technical assistance; identify and validate legal, institutional, and policy reform outcomes encouraging private participation in infrastructure; and assess impacts of public- private partnership (PPP) p...

This publication provides guidance to government officials in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) on when government guarantees for public-private-partnership (PPP) projects might be desired; how they could be best utilized; the structure and scope of guarantees and guarantee programs; the costs and risks entailed; and how to manage these risks.

This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world’s knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. The AICD provides a baseline against which future improvements in infrastructure services can be measured, making it possible to monitor the results achieved from donor support. It also offers a solid empirical foundation for prioritizing investments and designing policy reforms in Africa&rsqu...

This book reviews the general policy issues which arise for the public sector in considering whether to adopt the PPP procurement route, and the specific application of this policy approach in PPP contracts. This book also offers a systematic and integrated approach to financing PPPs within this public-policy framework. A section on due diligence can be found in Section 6.5.