This Note introduces key evaluation approaches and methods that can produce credible evidence about the welfare and distributional impacts of infrastructure interventions. Evaluating both types of impact is crucial because the ultimate objective of public policy is to improve the well-being of the population, and particularly that of the poorest and the most vulnerable in society. The Note focuses on infrastructure because across the developing world, inadequate infrastructure remains a ma...

Countries exiting conflict and fragility face many urgent priorities and almost invariably suffer from substantial infrastructure deficits. There is typically very little infrastructure investment during periods of fragility and conflict, and existing installations are often damaged or destroyed. The purpose of this manual is to contribute to improvements in the quality of infrastructure regulation. It does so by identifying key principles for the governance of infrastructure regulators an...

This Property Tax Diagnostic Manual provides guidance on how to analyze and assess immovable property tax systems, diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of such systems, and develop a property tax intervention strategy where needed. Its higher objective is to support increasingly fair and stable tax systems in low- and middle-income countries, with significant potential for sustainable improvements in achieving key revenue, equity, and efficiency objectives. This Manual focuses specificall...

Benchmarking Infrastructure Development 2020 Benchmarking Infrastructure Development 2020 builds on the success of the Procuring Infrastructure PPPs 2018, which focused specifically on PPPs. It updates the assessment for PPPs in 140 economies and expands its thematic coverage to include the assessment of TPIs in 40 pilot economies.

This report Public-Private Partnerships in Land Administration: Analytical and Operational Frameworks was developed to address knowledge gaps, advance the thinking on how PPPs can be implemented in land administration with appropriate risk mitigation, and explore how the World Bank and other development partners may engage in financing and building capacity in land administration. With its analytical assessments and operational tools, the report intends to support governments (land agencie...

One of the most common, but least written about, public policy instruments implemented by governments to encourage private finance has been the establishment of Public Infrastructure Funds (PIFs). At this point, readers may ask "what are PIFs?" One of the benefits of PIFs is that they are unique, adapted to meet specific country contexts, but conversely this can make them hard to accurately define. Put simply, they are a specific type of infrastructure financing fund that uses pu...

One of the most common, but least written about, public policy instruments implemented by governments to encourage private finance has been the establishment of Public Infrastructure Funds (PIFs). At this point, readers may ask "what are PIFs?" One of the benefits of PIFs is that they are unique, adapted to meet specific country contexts, but conversely this can make them hard to accurately define. Put simply, they are a specific type of infrastructure financing fund that uses pu...

To close its infrastructure gap, Latin America and the Caribbean needs more than investment in new structures. It needs to become more efficient at investing in infrastructure and regulating a new range of services that have the potential to disrupt the energy, transport, and water sectors. The technological revolution makes a future with quality services possible, but not inevitable. This book offers policy options for countries to improve the access, quality, and affordability of service...

The COVID-19 pandemic presents an unforeseen major shock to the global economy and has affected infrastructure projects, and in particular PPPs, at all stages and in all sectors with implications for governments, providers of infrastructure assets and services, their financiers, and users. The impact of the pandemic has underscored the importance of strengthening key provisions in PPP legal frameworks to ensure that resilience to global disasters, like pandemics, and other kinds of externa...

This report provides an overview of infrastructure provision in three key economic sectors—road transport, electricity, and water and sanitation—as an initial step towards building a more extensive body of knowledge on the health of infrastructure provision worldwide. Geographically, this report focuses on two of the world’s fastest growing regions, East Asia and Pacific (EAP) and South Asia (SAR), which also account for approximately 35.8 percent of the world’s ext...

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) placed access to basic services at the center of international development in 2016-2030. Out of 17 goals, five address the access of poor people to basic services: to health in SDG3, to education in SDG4, and SDG5, to water and sanitation in SDG6, to energy in SDG7, and to urban services in SDG11. The mutually reinforcing relationship between electricity access, economic development, and poverty reduction is well established. The SDGs framed access to b...

The World Bank has been the main source of Vietnam’s IWT investment finance for more than a decade, but investment needs remain large and future sources of finance will need to be diversified. This report, prepared by a World Bank team, examines the current regulatory framework, institutional structure, and funding framework for IWT. The report suggests measures to strengthen infrastructure, regulatory, management, and the funding framework. Taken together, these measures would impro...

This report is a key analytical study of the project and is centered on addressing the knowledge gaps and providing technological recommendations on EE improvement and NRW reduction to generate positive impacts in the water sector in Vietnam. The main objectives of the report are to expand and disseminate knowledge on issues related to EE in the water and wastewater sectors and to inform the development of the national program for NRW reduction and EE improvement practices in the water sec...

Private sector financing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been mostly limited to a mix of green- and brownfield road projects, mainly in urban areas. The scale of these projects has been limited: it is estimated that private financing for the upgrade and maintenance of road networks accounts for less than 10 percent of global road financing needs in emerging markets and even less in SSA. This lack of private funding has left local governments with the task of mobilizing enough money to carr...

The Model Legislative Provisions and the Legislative Guide on Public-Private Partnerships were prepared by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and adopted at its fifty-second session (Vienna, 8–19 July 2019).1 In addition to representatives of member States of the Commission, representatives of many other States and of several international organizations, both intergovernmental and non-governmental, participated actively in the preparatory work. The Mo...